HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that causes AIDS. These viruses infect humans and can cause the immune system (immunity) of the body, so the body becomes weak in the fight against infection. In other words, the presence of this virus in the body will cause a deficiency (lack of) immune system.
History
In 1983, Jean Claude Chermann and Françoise Barré-Sinoussi of France managed to isolate HIV for the first time from a patient with lymphadenopathy syndrome. [2] At first, it is called ALV virus (lymphadenopathy-associated virus) [3] Together with Luc Montagnier, they prove that the virus is the cause of AIDS. [3] In early 1984, Robert Gallo of the United States is also researching on the virus that causes AIDS, called HTLV-III. [2] [4] After further investigation, proved that the ALV and HTLV -III is the same virus and in 1986, a term used to refer to the virus is HIV, or more specifically called HIV-1. [5]
Not long after HIV-1 is found, a new subtype is found in Portugal from patients originating from West Africa and later called HIV-2. [2] Through cloning and sequence analysis (genetic makeup), HIV-2 has a difference of 55% of HIV-1 and are antigenically distinct. [2] Another major difference between the two strains (strains) of the virus is located in the envelope glycoprotein. [2] The study further estimates that HIV-2 originated from SIV (retrovirus that infects primates) because of the similarity of sequences and cross-reaction between antibodies against both types of the virus. [2][Edit] ClassificationFamily tree (phylogenetic) showing the proximity of SIV and HIV.
Both species of HIV that infect humans (HIV-1 and -2) was originally derived from the west and central Africa, moving from primates to humans in a process known as zoonosis. [6] HIV-1 is the result of evolution of the simian immunodeficiency virus ( SIVcpz) found in a subspecies of chimpanzee, Pan troglodyte troglodyte. Meanwhile, HIV-2 virus species is the result of evolution of different strains of SIV (SIVsmm), found in sooty mangabey, old world monkeys Guinea-Bissau. [6] The majority of HIV infections in the world caused by HIV-1 because the virus is more virulent species and more easily transmitted than HIV-2. [6] Meanwhile, HIV-2 still largely confined to West Africa. [6]
Based on genetic susuanan, HIV-1 is divided into three main groups, namely M, N and O. [7] HIV-1 Group M consisted of 16 different subtypes. [7] While in group N and O have not been known clearly the number subtypes of the virus incorporated in it. [7] However, both groups have a kinship with SIV from chimpanzees. [7] HIV-2 has eight subtypes that allegedly originated from sooty mangabey different. [7]
If some of the HIV virus to infect different subtypes of the same individual, there will be circulating recombinant forms (circulating recombinant forms - CRFs) [8] (English: circulating recombinant form, CRF). Part of the genome of different HIV subtypes will merge to form a new whole genome. [9] form the first recombinant recombinant AG found is of central and western Africa, then recombinant AGI from Greece and Cyprus, then recombinant AB from Russia and AE from southeast Asia. [9] Of all HIV infections occurring in the world, as much as 47% of cases are caused by subtype C, 27% of CRF02_AG, 12.3% of subtype B, subtype D was 5.3% and 3.2% is a CRF AE , while the rest come from other subtypes and CRFs.
History
In 1983, Jean Claude Chermann and Françoise Barré-Sinoussi of France managed to isolate HIV for the first time from a patient with lymphadenopathy syndrome. [2] At first, it is called ALV virus (lymphadenopathy-associated virus) [3] Together with Luc Montagnier, they prove that the virus is the cause of AIDS. [3] In early 1984, Robert Gallo of the United States is also researching on the virus that causes AIDS, called HTLV-III. [2] [4] After further investigation, proved that the ALV and HTLV -III is the same virus and in 1986, a term used to refer to the virus is HIV, or more specifically called HIV-1. [5]
Not long after HIV-1 is found, a new subtype is found in Portugal from patients originating from West Africa and later called HIV-2. [2] Through cloning and sequence analysis (genetic makeup), HIV-2 has a difference of 55% of HIV-1 and are antigenically distinct. [2] Another major difference between the two strains (strains) of the virus is located in the envelope glycoprotein. [2] The study further estimates that HIV-2 originated from SIV (retrovirus that infects primates) because of the similarity of sequences and cross-reaction between antibodies against both types of the virus. [2][Edit] ClassificationFamily tree (phylogenetic) showing the proximity of SIV and HIV.
Both species of HIV that infect humans (HIV-1 and -2) was originally derived from the west and central Africa, moving from primates to humans in a process known as zoonosis. [6] HIV-1 is the result of evolution of the simian immunodeficiency virus ( SIVcpz) found in a subspecies of chimpanzee, Pan troglodyte troglodyte. Meanwhile, HIV-2 virus species is the result of evolution of different strains of SIV (SIVsmm), found in sooty mangabey, old world monkeys Guinea-Bissau. [6] The majority of HIV infections in the world caused by HIV-1 because the virus is more virulent species and more easily transmitted than HIV-2. [6] Meanwhile, HIV-2 still largely confined to West Africa. [6]
Based on genetic susuanan, HIV-1 is divided into three main groups, namely M, N and O. [7] HIV-1 Group M consisted of 16 different subtypes. [7] While in group N and O have not been known clearly the number subtypes of the virus incorporated in it. [7] However, both groups have a kinship with SIV from chimpanzees. [7] HIV-2 has eight subtypes that allegedly originated from sooty mangabey different. [7]
If some of the HIV virus to infect different subtypes of the same individual, there will be circulating recombinant forms (circulating recombinant forms - CRFs) [8] (English: circulating recombinant form, CRF). Part of the genome of different HIV subtypes will merge to form a new whole genome. [9] form the first recombinant recombinant AG found is of central and western Africa, then recombinant AGI from Greece and Cyprus, then recombinant AB from Russia and AE from southeast Asia. [9] Of all HIV infections occurring in the world, as much as 47% of cases are caused by subtype C, 27% of CRF02_AG, 12.3% of subtype B, subtype D was 5.3% and 3.2% is a CRF AE , while the rest come from other subtypes and CRFs.
